Mastering:
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Mastering is the last but not least process in music production. Often a high quality fully mixed stereo file is exported from the sequencing software and reloaded into the same or into a dedicated mastering/editing program. Mastering styled plug-ins are also available that can be inserted over the output buss of the sequencer allowing the mix to be completed whilst gleaning some idea of how it will sound after the mastering process. Mastering normally consists of:
- COMPRESSION: The overall dynamic range of the file is reduced and the level boosted so that the loudest peaks are at or just below 0dB, this has the effect of increasing the apparent loudness of the song. It's rather like what you hear on TV when an ad comes on and the volume level seems to jump up, the maximum peak is always at a prescribed level but it 'sounds' louder. Most mastering programs use mutli-band compression so that different frequency bands can be adjusted seperately.
- LIMITING: Is like very hard compression, where the ratio is set very high, this has the effect whereby small peaks are 'squashed' severly. The overall peaks are leveled out or limited.
- EQUALIZATION: Different frequency bands can be cut or boosted usually to compensate for 'errors' in the mix with the goal of making the song sound consistant over different listening systems, e.g. various hi-fi speakers, car radios and iPod style head or ear phones. If you mix or master your own tune it is a very good idea to listen to it on many different systems before sending it off to the record company or simply burning CDs for your friends.
- TOP AND TAILING: Is simply chopping off the start and end on the files to reduce length and file size. Functions like fade-out or in are often done at this stage.
- PLUG-INS: Are used sometimes to reduce un-wanted noise or hiss, increase the stereo image or emulate the natural compression and tone of a tape machine.
- NOTE: These processors can be done in any order depending on the desired result.
Finally when the editing is complete the mastering or sequencing program will need to export or save the file in its final format. For burning to CD save the file as 16bit 44.1kHz sample rate. For use on the internet and iPod styled deviced a number of compression setting are available. MP3 is most commonly saved at 128 or 256 kps 44.1kHz stereo.
Mastering is often termed a 'black art' and music producers will often send off their mix to be mastered by specialists engineers.
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