| Step 0 - Downloading Ubuntu 1. Download Ubuntu - Where can I get Ubuntu from? 2. Check the integrity of your download - Why integrity check your downloaded .iso?
3. Burning the .iso to a CD-ROM Step 4 - Preparing to install Ubuntu - things you should do to get ready 1. Preparing For The Install
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| Step 0 - Downloading Ubuntu Where can I get Ubuntu from? Download from the internet Ubuntu can be downloaded for free from the cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases site. For those who want stability and reliability I recommend Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx, and those who want to use the latest and greatest software should try Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal, it's the most up to date version of Ubuntu. Normally, Ubuntu is downloaded and an .iso file. The .iso file can then be burned to a blank CD or DVD. The best way to download your Ubuntu .iso file is to just download the bittorrent file and then start bit torrent. See Download very large files with BitTorrent, useful if you have a GNU/Linux operating system already or if you have BitTorrent for Windows. It is not recommended to try to download software through Internet Explorer or any other web browser as a high percentage of files downloaded that way will later be found to be corrupted. You can try if you want, I used to do it that way but that was before I knew any better. If you have never heard of BitTorrent see What is Bittorrent? If you have an internet account that has a monthly bandwidth limit, check in your broadband ISP's website to see if there is an up to date Ubuntu .iso download in your ISP's 'freezone' or 'file library'. Many ISPs have their own Ubuntu mirror sites for Ubuntu so the internet usage will not be deducted from your account's monthly usage allowance, so it's really for free. |
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Why integrity check your downloaded .iso? A bad .iso file means a bad CD, which is a waste of a good CD and your time taken to burn it. Even if it is bootable as a Live CD, it may not be able to complete the installation process properly and could even cause other problems in your computer like a corrupted partition table or something like that. Even if you can complete the Ubuntu installation process with it, it still might cause you a lot of lost time and much frustration and headaches with corrupted files in the resulting operating system later on as well. Checksums and Security You should find an MD5 checksum, and/or an SHA1 checksum that belongs to the Ubuntu .iso file you are downloading. You should copy that number to a file and save it in the same folder as your newly downloaded .iso file. These checksums are used to make sure your Ubuntu .iso file will be genuine and not tampered or interfered with or corrupt in any way. That's not only important for your convenience, it's also important for your security! Someone could (hypothetically) forge a fake Ubuntu file with spyware built into it, and plant it in a fake website for you to download. That's why it's good practice to run an MD5sum check on your Ubuntu .iso file or any other software file you download. After your .iso file has been downloaded, you run the md5sum on it and check to make sure the md5sum that is returned from the command matches the md5sum from your download site. The md5sum from the download site should also match the md5sum from the official Ubuntu download site. For example, Information URL: http://bw.releases.ubuntu.com/10.04/MD5SUMS
These match the md5sums found in the link to the official Ubuntu 10.04 md5sums, and if a downloaded .iso file has an md5sum matching one of the above, it means the .iso file is okay. When we have an .iso file which doesn't pass the md5sum integrity check, the most common reason it that the file was corrupted during downloading with your web browser. The md5sum integrity check and the sha1sum integrity check will show a completely different output if even as much as one small punctuation mark is missing or out of place in the whole .iso file. An error as small as one wrong punctuation mark might seem trivial if it was a book to read. In computer software one tiny punctuation mark's worth of error could potentially cause radical and unpredictable consequences for the computer's performance if it happens to occur in a vital spot in some code. Sometimes people have terrible problems getting Ubuntu installed and no-one knows why. Other times people can have all kinds of trouble trying to get their install completed and their system booted for the first time. It could be that a vital part of the install CD's software is corrupt or missing. Checking the .iso and the CD-ROM's integrity with MD5 might prevent some of these problems. |
| Checking the integrity of your .iso from a Linux live CD
Another way to check the md5sum on a downloaded .iso file would be to boot a Ubuntu or other Linux live CD, if you have one, mount the partition containing the .iso with that and run the md5sum command.
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| Checking the integrity of your .iso in Windows If you have no-one living near you who has any Linux system installed in their computer, and it seems to complicated for you to do it with the 'Desktop' Live CD as suggested above, you might have to check your downloaded .iso from your Windows-only computer. There are lots of different brands of software you can download and use for that. One I tried that I can recommend is 'MD5summer'. 
fig 1 md5
fig 2 md5
 When I double-clicked the first one, and a window appeared like a Windows Explorer window. I selected my folder called 'iso folder', where I left my newly downloaded Ubuntu 'Breezy' install .iso . Then I clicked the 'create sums' button. 
fig 3 md5
 fig 5 md5
After a few minutes my MD5 checksum appeared: 126751a2dc5528c2f9044d9e4ee36d61 the same as I get when I check it with Linux, so it must be correct! NOTICE: The example shown here is for Ubuntu 'Breezy Badger 5.04', which was an earlier release of Ubuntu. Thanks Ubuntu forum member Bartender for your help with this subject. There are other kinds of software available on the internet for checking md5sums. It shouldn't matter if you prefer to use a different instead. |
| Burning the .iso to a CD-ROM Burn your .iso as an .iso CD, not as a data CD Since everyone has different CD burning software in the operating system they are using to begin with, it's impossible to give specific details on how to burn the .iso to a CD-ROM. The main thing is to make sure you burn the .iso as an '.iso', and not as a regular 'data' CD. If you burn the .iso as 'data', you won't be able to boot from the CD to run the install. Burn to Good Quality Media When you buy blank CD-ROM or CD-RW disks, read the information on the side of the container they come in and make sure you get good quality CD-ROM or CD-RW disks. You want disks that are suitable quality for software, not just for audio (music). You might have to pay a little more, but it will be worth it. Burn At A Slow, Steady Speed Such as 4X or even slower. (I burn at 1X for this job). It's not a race, and a few minutes extra will be more than made up for when I have a good CD the first time. |
| Step 1 - Prepare your PC's BIOS to
boot a live cd BIOS Page - Basic CMOS settings in the BIOS to enable booting a 'Live CD' or USB |
| Step 2 - Try Ubuntu out by running
the live cd to see if you like it and if it likes your computer Live CD Page - using your Ubuntu Live CD |
| Step 3 - 'Look before you
leap', before installing Ubuntu, learn how to uninstall
Ubuntu Uninstall Page |
| Preparing to Install Ubuntu Just like most other things you do, it's wise to invest a little extra time and effort to make the right preparations for the job from the start. This can increase your chances of achieving the best results immediately and make things lot easier for you in the long run too. 1) Check how much room you have on your hard disk, and decide how much you need to keep for Windows, and how much for any other partitions you might want. The initial Ubuntu installation will take up at least 1.8 GB of hard disk space without any files or extra software installed.The smallest partition size I have used was 3.0 GB. It was okay for what I wanted it for at the time but it wouldn't be satisfactory for most people's use. Most modern computers have nice big hard drives. At least 10.0 GB is a good size to begin with but if you have the hard drive space consider making it bigger than that. 2) Back up all your data! Backing up all of your data is the most important thing. Please back up all your data! You should also make sure you have CDs and DVDs for re-installing your old operating systems and all your added software and drivers for printers and other periferals. You can always restore your old operating system and data as long as you have everything backed up. If you decide to copy one of these example installs, you will be doing some operations which can result in erasing everything out of your computer if you make a bad mistake or have some bad luck. You need to be confident that you or someone else can easily restore everything back to normal if things should go wrong. If you do not feel confident about being able to fully restore your system it might be better to wait until your computer skills develop more, or make sure you have someone who does know what to do lined up to help if you need it. 3) Windows CHKSK and Defrag I recommend running CHKDSK /R on your NTFS file system before resizing it. If errors were found and fixed, keep repeating the file system check until there are no more errors reported. Here's how to run CHKDSK/R, In a running Windows system, go to 'My Computer', and right-click on Drive C, click on the 'Tools' tab, and schedule a file system check for next time you restart your computer, and make sure both checkboxes are ticked, for a thorough file system check, (Or 'scandisk'). On a broken Windows System, CHKDSK /R can be run from Windows or from a Windows Recovery Console. NTFS and FAT32 file system repair and maintenance. If you're planning on using Windows Disk Manager to shrink Windows with, most people say you need to run the disk defragmenter first. I don't think defragging Windows will do any harm, and it may do Windows a little good. It's not necessary to defragment Windows before resizing with GParted. GParted can resize Windows just as well regardless of the state of fragmenation, so in that case defragmenting is probably just a waste of time. According to the Parted Users Manual, you don't need to, 2.4.13 resize - Parted Manual The ntfsresize documentation says defragging doesn't matter, How to resize NTFS without data loss?. According to the Linux manual page for ntfsresize it's not necessary, Quote:
* Here's another tip I have read about concerning the degragging of Windows. This is optional, and is not really necessary for most computers unless you have already had problems resizing. Windows has a thing called a 'page file'. This is kind of like 'fake' memory. It's for when your real memory is getting a bit full. It's kind of a 'slow lane' for memory. It works by writting slow moving memory stuff temporarily to the hard disk leaving your real memory available for the 'fast lane' stuff. The 'page file' shows up as a big green unmovable block in the defragmenter. It might be a good idea to get that out of the way too, before defragging the partition. Windows XP: Just turn it off in 'Control Panel' -->'System' --> 'System Properties'-->'Advanced' tab -->'Performance, Settings button' --> 'Advanced' tab, 'Virtual Memory',-->'Change', take note of your settings (on a piece of paper), and click the radio button for 'no paging file' -->'Set', 'Apply', 'Okay'. Then restart your computer and now you can run defrag as many times as you need to, without the big green block in the way. Windows 7: Turn it off in 'Control Panel' -->'System and Security' --> 'System'-->'Advanced System Settings'-->'Advanced' tab, 'Performance'-->'Settings'-->'Advanced' tab, 'Change', take note of your settings (on a piece of paper), remove the checkmark for 'automatically manage and click the radio button for 'no paging file' -->'Set', 'Apply', 'Okay'. (If you do this, don't forget to go back and turn it on again later, after the resizing is over). 4) Make an emergency boot floppy disk or CD-ROM for booting either Windows or your new Linux install just in case of any possible bootloader difficulty. Super Grub Disk is free and it's only a small download and it's extremely useful. Take a look at this website's Super Grub Disk Page for more help if you need any. GAG Boot Manager is another good emergency boot disk, especially for booting Windows with . To see my GAG Boot Manager Page, Click Here. For extreme problems booting Windows XP, Here's the ultimate web-page for heavy duty, hard case Windows XP boot disks and troubleshooting, Click Here. You can also download NTLDR boot discs from this site now and I highly recommend them. These are not for booting Linux with, but they will boot Windows XP in some situations when chainloading from Grub or even Super Grub disk doesn't work. 5) Back up your MBR If you are concerned for any reason that the Linux bootloader might harm your MBR in some way or clobber something hidden in the first track of your hard disk maybe, you can back up your MBR first, MBR Backup and Restore to see how to use a Linux live CD for doing that. This is optional but it could be important for some computers if there's anything non-standard or special in their MBR and first track. 6) Have your network and internet connections plugged in and other hardware turned on. (So Ubuntu can auto-detect your network hardware during the installation). This is not vital, but it does help a little. 7) When doing any kind of partitioning work and installing operating systems, it is recommended that you use a good, dependable UPS unit between your computer and the household electricity outlet. This is particularly important during this critical time, as even a very short power failure or fluctuation in your electricity supply can have unpredictable consequences. 8) Check your hardware's suitability for the new software In any computer It's a wise precaution to try out the 'Desktop' (Live CD) version of Ubuntu. This will help to determine if Ubuntu will work okay with your computer's hardware. If your computer runs the 'Desktop' CD well it is a good sign, if not, proceed with caution. The live CD runs a little slowly in the best of computers, but test whether things like your monitor and sound, keyboard and mouse, network connections and other important things like that will work. Often if one or two things don't work, you can fix them after the install. But if more than one or two things don't work, it might be too much work. Therefore poor live CD performance is an indicator for caution, but does not rule out installation completely. I have had good installs with a shaky CD drive, but have had to keep repeating the install process several times before 'getting there' in the end. It can still result in a satisfactory installation. LAPTOPS If your computer is a laptop or notebook, great progress has been made in making Ubuntu suitable for all laptops. I don't think there is any special reason these days to think a laptop wouldn't be supported just because it is a laptop. You can check to see if your laptop is on one of the supported laptops lists. If your laptop hasn't been mentioned it doesn't mean you can't install. Just take the same precautions as for a desktop computer (back up your data), and go ahead and take the plunge! |
| Clean your optical drive lens Even if a CD/DVD drive can read music and video CDs and DVDs okay you can still have problems with a software CD due to a little dirt on the optical drive lens. Here's a link to this website's Cleaning the optical drive. If your installation CD won't boot or freezes part of the way through and maybe ends in red warning screens it could be that you have a dirty CD/DVD drive. This is another reason why it is important to make data backups before using hard disk partitioning and operating system installation discs. Just a small grain of dust or oily film on your optical drive lens can cause major havoc and result in something like a corrupted partition table. Normally such dirt is invisible to the naked eye, and this can happen to anyone, regardless of how clean your house and computer is. Keeping your computer and its surroundings clean is a big help though. Here are some more links about how to clean optical drives, Computer Cleaning Guide (and then click on the DVD/CD Drives link) Cleaning Your Xbox DVD Drive (the principles will work for pretty much any CD or DVD drive). Smart Computing: How to Maintain Your Optical Drives |
| Back up your MBR (Optional) Some people are a little worried about installing Ubuntu because Ubuntu will install GRUB bootloader's IPL to MBR in the first hard disk unless you specify otherwise. Usually it is best to install GRUB to MBR. If you want to try installing GRUB to MBR, but you're not sure if you will like GRUB or not, or if you are afraid GRUB might not work properly in your special computer, I have added a how-to in my back-up & restore page about how to use any live cd to back up the IPL in your MBR before beginning an install. (And restore it again later if you want to). It's quite simple and easy to do, MBR Backup and Restore |
| Help on Partitioning The 'Alternate' CD's Ubuntu installer features 'Partman' disk partitioner from Debian, based on GNU libparted. GNU Parted, QTParted, GParted LiveCD and Parted Magic are also all very good disk partitioning programs based on LibParted. You should only use a good 'Parted based hard disk partitioning program if you're going to install Ubuntu. Then stick with 'Parted based partition editors. Avoid mixing hard disk partitioners, (don't alternate between different brands). 
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| Vista or Windows 7 WARNING: Please avoid moving the start point of any Windows Vista or Windows 7 partition with any partition editing program. If the start point of the Windows partition is you will have a problem booting Windows, but this can usually be easily fixed with your Windows Installation CD. The inbuilt partitioner in the Ubuntu installer is safe, and will resize Windows Vista or Windows 7 partitions from the end without moving the start point. Uncheck the "round to cylinder" box to avoid moving the start point by accident. If you're using an older version of GParted, (Lucid Lynx and earlier), just make sure you remove the checkmark from the 'round to cylinders' checkbox before touching any Windows 7 or Vista partitions. Moving the start point of a Vista/Win 7 partition will make the operating system unbootable and it may require a little additional work to be able to boot Vista/Win 7 again. You may only resize your Windows Vista or Windows 7 partition from the right-hand end. Try not to 'move' the entire partition at all. When using some really old versions of GParted, the two-headed arrow, indicates a resize operation, and GParted will tell you what it's going to do and you have to confirm it twice before anything will happen. Don't use the four-way arrow cursor, it indicates a 'move' operation. Don't allow the operation to continue if you applied an operation with the four-way arrow, and GParted tells you it will 'move' your partition. You will be told what GParted will do. You have to confirm it twice before GParted will do anything. Don't agree to move any Windows Vista or Windows 7 partition unless that's what you really want. If you do really need to move the start of a Windows Vista or Windows 7 partition for some reason, you can fix the problem of not being able to boot anymore merely by booting from the Vista CD, choose "Repair Computer" and the CD will reconfigure the Vista Boot loader for you. If it doesn't work, go to the command prompt and run BOOTREC /FIXBOOT. That should fix it. Vista and Windows 7 booting help: VISTA and WINDOWS 7 - boot errors and how to fix them. |
| Partitioning Rules We can have between zero and four primary partitions in each hard disk, or we can have between zero and three primary partitions plus one extended partition. An extended partition can contain zero or more logical partitions. Logical partitions must be 'contiguous' (arranged in a series). A partition that has its own entry in the partition table inside the hard disk's Master Boot Record is called a 'primary' partition. The reason why can't have more than four primary partitions because there are only four 16 byte spaces for partition details reserved in the partition table.
They can all be different sizes, and there can be free spaces (gaps) in between.
We can make one of them as an 'extended' partition instead of a regular primary partition. An 'extended' partition is something like an empty box, and inside that we can create one or more 'logical' partitions. By using an extended type of partition and dividing it up into logical partitions, we can divide a hard disk up into a great number of partitions, many more than just four.
Something we can't do is place a 'primary' partition in between two logical partitions or the series of logical partitions will be broken and become unusable. Logical partitions are strung together like a series circuit or a chain. It is okay to leave an empty space between logical partitions, but we can't place a 'primary' partition in between two logical partitions or the series of logical partitions will be broken and become unusable. For this reason it is best to plan ahead a little and try to make sure we have room to add more 'primary' partitions or 'logical' partitions in groups in our hard disks. We probably don't want to use up out maximum of four primary partitions too soon, it is a good idea to make an extended partition sometime before we run out. What not to do:
In the illustration above, the four partition limit is used up. The extended partition is in between the primary partitions. There is free space at the end of the disc, but no more partitions can be created. What not to do:
It doesn't matter what you do as long as you're thinking ahead, Linux partitions can be 'moved' these days with the latest versions of GParted, but it can be a slow process. They can also be copied and pasted into an equal or larger area of free space, providing the partitioning rule won't be broken in the process. If you can plan your partitions well to begin with it will save you some time and frustration in the long run. Windows normally prefers to be installed and booted in a primary partition, but Linux can be installed in either 'primary' partitions or 'logical' partitions, it doesn't matter.
Ubuntu makes an ext3 partition for it's main part, or '/' (root filesystem), plus a small swap area. A 'swap' area is like a page file, but it's in a partition. By default, the swap area is logical but it really doesn't matter.
Linux has no problem writing to NTFS nowadays, but a few users might still like to keep using a FAT32 shared data partition anyway. It allows files being transferred between Linux and Windows to be scanned for viruses. Linux is immune to viruses, but a virus can be accidentally passed from Linux to Windows in certain types of files, so it's best to scan them for viruses first. There's a swap area at the end of the hard disk.
Then it creates a Linux EXT3 operating system (root) partition (primary). At first the files in / will only take up about 1.8 GB, but good size for a / partition would be at least 5.0 GB to allow roon for adding software. It makes a logical EXT3 /home partition, (logical), a FAT32 data partition, (logical), and the remaining space is used as a swap area. If you find later on that you got your partition sizes wrong, or your needs have changed since you made the partitions, don't worry about it. GParted -- LiveCD is free and only a small download and can do everything you need with all your partitions and filesystems. It can even move Linux partitions from the start of the partition as well as the end. NTFS is not a problem, GParted -- LiveCD can create NTFS filesystems too. Partitioning Laptops
Normally they don't take up very much hard disk space, so it would be best to just leave them alone. Please refer to the instructions for your brand and model of computer to find out if you can make or obtain your own Windows Installation Disc or Recovery CD, in case the hard disk's partition table might ever get accidentally corrupted somehow and the recovery partition can't help you. What not to do:
If it does, it might not be correctly labelled. You can edit the title for it in your GRUB menu by editing your /boot/grub/menu.lst file in Ubuntu. Make sure you never boot the recovery partition by mistake. In some computers it will erase and reformat your entire hard disk! At least it might erase and reformat your other operating system. Windows Default Dual Boot Windows can normally only be installed and booted in a primary partition, but sometimes it can be installed and booted in a logical partition if it boots through another Windows installation. For example,
If you do that you will be making a big mistake and I am not sure if it can be easily repaired. Here is a great link on the subject: Understanding Multibooting and Booting Windows from an Extended Partition by Dan Goodall.
Also, if all the data is removed and Windows 98 is cleaned up, it can be shrunk to a minimal size and really doesn't take up very much hard disk space at all. The Windows XP partition can be moved with GParted -- LiveCD and that should make a little more room for Ubuntu. Two Hard Disks
Thanks confused57 and lha, catlett, Sutekh, shoki, gn2, mingus, bulldog, xpod, Bigbluecat and all other participants for the information in these threads. It is only a little bit more complicated to use two or more hard disks for installing operating systems on. I have helped users with up to seven hard disks. If they are all IDE or all SATA it is reasonably trouble free. When IDE and SATA drives are together in the same computer it can mean whatever bootloader you use might need a little manual help to get fully configured. That's not usually too much of a problem, it's relatively simple to figure out. Windows and Linux Multiple Boot Arrangements
I prefer to install each of my Linuxes as a single partition install, all in one 'root' partition. (As opposed to having a separate /home). That way I can multiple boot lots of operating systems without making such a complicated mess of my hard disks. Each operating system is independent. I like things better that way. The red partition is the swap area that all my Linux operating systems share. If you are going to try previewing and testing a new version of Ubuntu before it is officially released, there is a smart way to do it. You don't need any data in it, (keep your data somewhere else), and you want to be able to restore your whole partition in a hurry with most of your added software, settings and updates. The spare partition at the end of the disk could be used to store compressed Partimage backups of my Hardy test installation. If I get a bad update or try an experiment that causes some kind of severe problems for my Hardy test install and I think it will be too much work to repair it, I can just delete the whole partition. I can then just restore it again to an earlier state from the Partimage backup. Aysiu has the best web page about how to Use PartImage Windows and Two Linux With a Shared /home
Of course, another thing we can do is install more than one desktop in an operating system. I have one operating system that can be booted as Ubuntu, Kubuntu or Xubuntu by selecting a different desktop at login. There is no need to have separate partitions to try out different desktops, just install as many different desktops as you like in the one system. There are many more desktops available. ...but that's a subject for after you install!
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