File
last updated 21 Nov 2010
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
FAMILIES from the
1881 CENSUS in VARIOUS COUNTIES
YKS
===============================================================================
This tree is provided
to family historians without prejudice. I have constructed most of my KITTO
family trees using the data I have available, and in a few cases it is estimated
as the best fit from available choices. In this tree, several of the links are
yet to be proved, so any help that you can give to confirm any line would be
appreciated by me and others searching in this family. More modern families
also need your inputs, because as I can link modern families to each other, and
thus it enables a focus on their common ancestry. The memories of one branch
may not be complete, but yet may fill in gaps of another branch. Only by a
concerted effort can we really define the true lineage. Help me to help you by
sharing what you have. Ken STEWART <
ABBREVIATIONS
USED
Other than the standard abbreviations and
(IGI reg) to designate source of IGI materials with
"registers" source codes
(IGI) to show IGI materials with another source (not always
reliable)
"c" before year date to show an estimated year
"cc" before year date to show I have used the
spouse's date data as a rough guide
The (Qx 18xx #5c/xxx Whitehaven) details are the GRO
reference numbers for certificates
A reminder
that this file is in the development stage and there may be a few errors.
Please let me know of any corrections or additions you can make. Any quoted
references to St Catherines Indexes are my extractions and would need to be
checked before ordering any certificates.
Ken F. STEWART
===============================================================================
strays
Clara KITTO b. 1857 Truro, Con, Eng. (d/o William KITTO (1828) & Grace DAVIES
of Perranzabuloe/
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
James BRYANT in Perranuthnoe, Con,
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
of
(1) Benjamin Treeton KITTO b. 1869 Battersea, Lon, Eng. (s/o Charles KITTO and Eliza Louisa TREETON Q2 1869 #1a/543 Marylebone) m. 1893 Nry, Eng. (Q4 1893 #9d/1148 Richmond, Nry, & FreeBMD), bd. 11 Jan 1946 St Michael & All Angels, Downholme, Nry, Eng. (National Burial Index, FMP, no GRO) aged 76 years, occ: son (1) in 1871, scholar (11) in 1881, domestic gardener (33) in Dryburn in Framwellgate in Dur in 1901, domestic gardener (44) in Dryburn Hall near Durham in 1911 m/to
Mary CARTER
b. 1867 Downholme,
1901 census - # RG 13/4676, Fo 43, Pg 21, Sh 126 Dryburn Cottage, Framwellgate Moor, Dur, Eng.
KITTO |
Benjamin
T |
1867 |
hd |
m |
m |
33 |
Lon |
Battersea |
gardener
dom |
KITTO |
Mary |
1867 |
w |
m |
f |
33 |
Yks |
Downholme |
--- |
1911 census - # RG 14/29960, RD 551, SD 1, ED 38, Sh 179, Dryburn Hall, near Durham, Dur.
KITTO |
Benjamin
Treeton |
1867 |
hd |
m |
44 |
m18 |
1/1 |
Lon |
St Johns
Wood |
gardener
dom |
KITTO |
Mary |
1867 |
w |
f |
44 |
m18 |
1/1 |
Yks |
Downholme |
--- |
KITTO |
Elsie
Margaret |
1895 |
d |
f |
16 |
u |
- |
Yks |
|
pupil tch
elem |
CARTER |
Tibbie |
1830 |
mil |
f |
81 |
wid |
- |
Yks |
Coverham |
--- |
..
1. |
Elsie Margaret
KITTO b. 1894 John W BREED b.
cc1894 |
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
of
PADSTOW YORKSHIRE in
(1) James C KITTO b. 1881 Con, Eng. (s/o Rebecca Ann KITTO of Padstow - Q1 1881 #5c/92 St Columb Con) m. 1908 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q4 1908 #9d/798 Scarborough) d. 1956 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q1 1956 #1b/1013 Scarborough) aged 75 years, occ: fisherman & seafarer, able seaman (19) in Devon in 1901, married skipper of dredge hopper (27) lodging in Sheerness in Kent in 1911 m/to
Hanna EVES b. 1881 Scarborough,
1901 census - # RG 13/2160, Fo 193, Sh 3, on vessel Lord Devon as able seaman in Devon
KITTO |
James |
1881 |
crew |
u |
m |
19 |
Con |
Padstow |
able
seaman |
1911 census - # RG 14/4463, RD 62, SD 1, ED 13, Sh 153, 2 Union St, Blue Town, Sheerness, Ken.
ROBENSON |
Charles |
1850 |
hd |
m |
61 |
m1 |
0/0 |
Ken |
Sheerness |
waterman |
ROBENSON |
Sarah |
1849 |
w |
f |
62 |
m1 |
0/0 |
Ken |
Deal |
--- |
|
|
1896 |
g/d |
f |
15 |
u |
0/0 |
Ken |
Hoo |
help to
g/mother |
KITTO |
Hannah |
1882 |
lod |
f |
29 |
m2 |
0/0 |
Yks |
|
--- |
KITTO |
James |
1884 |
lod |
m |
27 |
m2 |
0/0 |
Con |
|
skipper
dredge hopper |
GIBBS |
Minnie |
1889 |
lod |
f |
22 |
m1 |
0/0 |
Ken |
Wateringbury |
--- |
GIBBS |
William |
1879 |
lod |
m |
32 |
m1 |
0/0 |
Lon |
Old |
|
..
..
4. |
Doris KITTO b. 1916 Nry, Eng. (d/o James C & Hannah EVES in Q1 1916 #9d/672 Scarborough) m. 1937 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q3 1937 #9d/1099 Scarborough) m/to Matthew J COLLING
b. cc1916 |
|
5. |
Robert KITTO b. 30 Apr 1917 Nry, Eng. (s/o James C & Hannah EVES in Q2 1917 #9d/572 Scarborough) m. 1937 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q4 1937 #9d/936 Scarborough) d. Mar 1996 Yks, Eng. (Apr 1996 #B52A/59 Scarborough, Yks) aged 79 years m/to Marion WOOD b.
28 Jun 1918 |
|
|
A. |
Marie E KITTO b. 1938 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (d/o Robert & Marion WOOD in Q3 1938 #9d/462 Scarborough) m. 1958 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q4 1958 #1b/1427 Scarborough) d. 1990 m/to John W GAGE.
b.cc1938 |
|
B. |
Robert C KITTO b. 1940 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (s/o Robert & Marion WOOD in Q3 1940 #9d/740 Scarborough) m. 1964 Nry, Eng. (Q3 1964 #1b/2063 Scarborough) m/to Marjorie R RILEY
b. cc1940 1. Andrew R KITTO b. 1965 2. Mark Simon KITTO b. 1966 Nry, Eng. (Q3 1966 #1b/1339 Scarboro) m.
1989 Nry, Eng. (Aug 1989 #2/2509
Scarborough) m/to Joanna BREWER b. cc1966 ........ a. Liam James KITTO b. 1991 Nry, (Apr
1991 #2/2522
Scarborough) ........ b. Abbey Laura KITTO b. 1994 Yks,
(Apr 1994 #A32B/157
York) ........ c. Clara Anna KITTO b. 1994 Yks, (Apr
1994 #A32B/157
York) 3. Susan Gail M KITTO b. 1969 Nry, Eng. (Q1 1969 #1b/1401 Scarboro) m. 1989
Nry, Eng. (Sep 1989 #2/2478
Scarborough) m/to Nicholas M ATKINSON b. cc1969 |
|
C. |
Betsy KITTO b. 1942 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (d/o Robert & Marion WOOD in Q2 1942 #9d/465 Scarborough) m. 1960 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q1 1960 #1b/1677 Scarborough) m/to Derek N BEAN b.
cc1942 |
|
D. |
Ethel Ann KITTO b. 1946 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (d/o Robert & Marion WOOD in Q3 1946 #1b/1468 Scarborough) m. 1965 Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (Q3 1965 #1b/ 1995 Scarborough) m/to Maurice R V
DAVIDSON b. cc1946 |
|
E. |
Allan M KITTO b.
1951 Scarborough, |
..
6. |
Ernest KITTO b. Mary |
|
|
A. |
John KITTO b. 1950
Scarborough, Nry, Eng. (s/o Ernest & Mary likely m. c1972 to MANNING. and two likely children 1. Ben KITTO b. 1975 m/to Amanda SWADDLE b. cc1975 ........ a. Kathryn Maylia KITTO b. 2004 Yks,
(Dec 2004 #L11/266
2. Mark KITTO b. 1977 Nry, Eng. (Q3 1977 #2/2211 Scarborough) m.
1993 Nry, Eng. (Jul 1993 #2/2196
Scarborough) m/to Karen A WOOD
b. cc1977 |
..
|
second marriage of Ernest KITTO m. 1972 Doris Hilda MERRETT
b. 2 Jan 1932 |
..
7. |
Rachel A P KITTO
b. 1923 |
(family of John
KITTO < johnkitto@supanet.com > KITTO
forum
second marriage of James C KITTO m2. 1948 Scarborough,
Alice CROOKES b. 1885
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
of
BREAGE
(1) William KITTO bp. 26 Dec 1840 Rinsey, Breage, Con, Eng. (Q4 1840 #9/109 Helston) (s/o John KITTO
& Elizabeth BRAY of Breage) m. 1870 Con, Eng. (likely Q2 1870 #5c/342 Helston) d.
1904 Wry, Eng. (Q1 1904 #9c/113
Hemsworth Wry) aged 63 years
occ: ag lab (29) in Rinsey in Breage in 1871, gen lab (39) in Penzance in 1881,
coal miner (49) in Hesleton in Durham in 1891, coal miner (59) of Hemsworth Wry
in 1901
Mary BENNETTS
b. 1846 Penzance, Madron, Con, Eng. (3 possibles) d. 1911 Wry, Eng. (Q2 1911 #9c/97 Hemsworth Wry)
aged 65 years, occ: wife gen
lab (36) in 1881, wife (45) in 1891, wife (54) in 1901, widowed head (65) in
1901
1871 census # RG 10/2308, Fo 36, Pg 6,
Sh 24, Rinsey, Breage, Con, Eng.
KITTO |
William |
1842 |
hd |
m |
m |
29 |
Con |
Breage |
ag lab |
KITTO |
Mary |
1846 |
w |
f |
m |
25 |
Con |
Madron |
- |
KITTO |
|
1871 |
d |
f |
u |
m9 |
Con |
Breage |
--- |
1881 census # RG 11/2345, Fo 131, Pg
26, Sh 145, at 3 Penwith St, Penzance, Madron
KITTO |
William |
1841 |
hd |
m |
m |
39 |
Con |
Breage |
gen lab |
KITTO |
Mary |
1844 |
w |
m |
f |
36 |
Con |
Madron |
gen lab |
KITTO |
Bessie |
1869 |
d |
u |
f |
11 |
Con |
Breage |
--- |
KITTO |
Annie |
1871 |
d |
u |
f |
9 |
Con |
Breage |
--- |
1891 census # RG 12/4111, ED 24, Fo
107, Pg 31, Sh 170, 55 George St, Monk Hesleton, Dur.
KITTO |
William |
1841 |
hd |
m |
m |
49 |
Con |
Breage |
coal
miner |
KITTO |
Mary |
1846 |
w |
m |
f |
45 |
Con |
Madron |
--- |
KITTO |
Annie |
1872 |
d |
u |
f |
19 |
Con |
Breage |
--- |
1901 census # RG 13/4307, Fo 144, Pg
37, Sh 199, South Moor Tce, Hemsworth, Yks, Eng.
KITTO |
William |
1841 |
hd |
m |
m |
59 |
Con |
Breage |
coal
miner |
KITTO |
Mary |
1846 |
w |
m |
f |
54 |
Con |
|
--- |
KITTO |
Annie |
1871 |
d |
u |
f |
29 |
Con |
Breage |
--- |
KITTO |
William |
1893 |
g/s |
u |
m |
7 |
Yks |
Hemsworth |
--- |
KITTO |
Clarinda |
1896 |
g/d |
u |
f |
4 |
Yks |
Hemsworth |
--- |
KITTO |
|
1899 |
g/d |
u |
f |
1 |
Yks |
Hemsworth |
--- |
1911 census # RG 14/27537, RD 506, SD
2, ED 9, Sh 268, 42 Top St, Hemsworth, Ywry, Eng.
KITTO |
Mary |
1846 |
hd |
f |
65 |
wid |
3/2 |
Con |
Madron
ChT |
housewife |
DOOLEY |
Annie |
1872 |
d |
f |
39 |
m8 |
3/2 |
Con |
Breage |
housewife |
KITTO |
William |
1895 |
g/s |
m |
16 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Denaby |
colliery
pony drv u/g |
KITTO |
|
1900 |
g/d |
f |
11 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Normanton |
--- |
DOOLEY |
Mellie |
1905 |
g/d |
f |
6 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Hemsworth |
--- |
DOOLEY |
Jack D |
1909 |
g/s |
m |
2 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Sth
Elmsall |
--- |
DUTTON |
John |
1871 |
bor |
m |
40 |
u |
- |
Wls |
St
Assiops |
colliery
stone wk u/g |
SLATER |
James |
1886 |
bor |
m |
25 |
u |
- |
Unk |
unk |
road
repairer |
..
1. |
Elizabeth (Bessie) KITTO b. 1870 Breage, Con, John WALKER b. 1870 origins not known (1891) occ: coal
miner (21) in |
1891 census # RG 12/4111, ED 24, Fo
107, Pg 32, Sh 3, 1 Main St, Monk Hesleton, Dur, Eng.
EDDY |
James |
1855 |
hd |
m |
m |
36 |
Con |
St Breage |
coal
miner |
EDDY |
|
1855 |
w |
m |
f |
36 |
Con |
Madron |
--- |
EDDY |
Sarah |
1876 |
d |
u |
f |
15 |
Con |
Madron |
dress
maker |
EDDY |
Benjamin |
1877 |
s |
u |
m |
14 |
Con |
Madron |
coal miner |
PERSENCE |
George |
1871 |
bor |
u |
m |
20 |
Con |
St Breage |
coal
miner |
|
John |
1870 |
vis |
m |
m |
21 |
NK |
not known |
coal
miner |
|
Bessie |
1870 |
vis |
m |
f |
21 |
Con |
St Breage |
--- |
..
2. |
(1) Annie
KITTO b. 1872 Breage, Con, John DOOLEY b.
cc1872 |
|
|
A. |
William KITTO
b. 1894 Hemsworth, Wry, Eng. (Q2 1894 #9c/ Hemsworth Wry) m. 1913 Wry, Eng. (Q1 1913 #9c/266 Hemsworth Wry)
occ: (7) in 1901, colliery pony driver underground (16) at home in 1911
m/to Martha J ROWLEY |
|
B. |
Clarinda KITTO
b. 1896 Hemsworth, Wry, Rees K LEAKE b.
cc1896 |
1911 census # RG 14/27536, RD 506, SD
2, ED 8, Sh 109, 23 Westfield ST, Hemsworth, Ywry.
KITTO |
Clarinda |
1897 |
ser |
f |
14 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Hemsworth |
gen serv
dom |
..
|
C. |
Elizabeth KITTO
b. 1899 Hemsworth, Wry, Arthur NIXON b.
cc1899 |
|
D. |
Mary KITTO b.
1902 Hemsworth, |
|
E |
Mellie DOOLEY
b. 1905 Hemsworth, |
|
G |
Jack D DOOLEY
b. 1909 St Elmsall, |
..
above Annie KITTO likely the parent of
(2) William KITTO b. 1894 Wry, Eng. (likely Q2 1894 #9c/726 Doncaster Wry, likely s/o Annie KITTO) m. 1913 Wry, Eng. (Q1 1913 #9c/266 Hemsworth Wry), likely d. 1954 Wry, Eng. (Q4 1954 #2c/568 Pontefract Wry) aged 60 years, occ: son (7) of Annie in 1901, colliery pony driver underground (16) at home in 1911 likely m/to
Martha J ROWLEY
b. 1894
1. |
William KITTO
b. 1913 |
|
2. |
Thomas KITTO b.
8 Feb 1914 Wry, Eng. (s/o William & Martha J ROWLEY in Q1 1915 #9c/409 Hemsworth Wry)
m. 1955 Wry, Eng. (Q3 1955 #2b/1527 Hemsworth
Wry) d. Jul 1988 Wry, Eng. (Jul 1988 #5/1076 Pontefract, Wry) aged 74 years m/to Lucy Ann PROSSER
b. 1 Jun 1916 |
|
3. |
Clarinda Y KITTO
b. 1918 Wry, Walter PATTISON
b. cc1913 |
|
4. |
Robert KITTO b.
1920 Wry, Emily HORLOCK
b. 22 Mar 1922 |
|
|
A. |
Margaret KITTO
b. 1948 David GEORGE b.
cc1948 |
|
B. |
Thomas KITTO b. 1953 Chs, Eng. (s/o Robert & Emily HORLOCK in Q4 1953 #10a/124 Bucklow Chs) m. 1974 Chs, Eng. (Q1 1974 #10a/357 Bucklow Chs) m/to Janet Susan PEARSON
b. 25 Jun 1853 1. Nichola Louise
KITTO b. 1974 2. James Robert KITTO b. 1976 Lan, (Q2 1976 #38/1506 Manchester) 3. Melanie Victoria
KITTO b. 1981 Lan, (Q1 1981 #38/922 Manchester) |
(family of Nichola KITTO of
(family of Thomas KITTO <tommytowtruck@supanet.com>)
..
Is this a relative in the same area
b. |
Q3 |
1954 |
* |
Ian
E |
KITTO |
10a |
173 |
Bucklow |
Chs |
||
|
s/o Albert & Joan LOXLEY m.1953 Q1 |
|
|||||||||
..
5. |
Mary KITTO b.
1924 Wry, Frederick SAVAGE b.
cc1924 |
|
6. |
Nellie KITTO b.
1925 |
|
7. |
Annie KITTO b.
1928 |
|
8. |
John KITTO b.
1930 |
|
9. |
(1) Alan KITTO b. 1933 Wry, Eng. (s/o William & Martha J ROWLEY in Q1 1933 #9c/289 Hemsworth Wry) likely m. 1952 Lon, Eng. (Q4 1952 #5c/1073 Greenwich) m/to Brenda J JAMESON b. cc1933 |
|
|
A. |
Elizabeth J KITTO
b. 1954 Roy W HUTCHINSON
b. cc1954 |
|
B. |
Robert D KITTO
b. 1955 Michelle PROCTOR
b. cc1955 1. Amber Louise KITTO b. 1977 Lon, Eng. (d/o Robert D & Michelle PROCTOR in Q4 1977 #12/903 Greenwich) 2. Robert KITTO b. 1979 Lon, Eng. (d/o Robert D & Michelle PROCTOR & Q3 1979 #12/1075 Greenwich) likely m. Aug 2004 Lon, Eng. (Aug 2004 #375/ 200 Greenwich) m/to Kerrie M L ALLEN b.
cc1979 second marriage of Robert D KITTO m. 1988 Christina A NONIS
b. cc1955 3. Rebecca
Bernadette KITTO b. 1987 4. Benjamin Alan
KITTO b. 1989 5. Rebecca
Bernadette KITTO b. 1989 |
|
C. |
John KITTO b.
1957 |
|
D. |
Sheena A KITTO
b. 1961 |
|
E. |
Fiona M KITTO
b. 1965 Babatunde R.
ASABORD b. cc1965 |
|
F. |
Colin Eric KITTO
b. 1967 Lesley P LENGTHORN
b. cc1955 1. Jamie Edward M
KITTS b. 1981 Lon, Eng. (s/o Eric C KITTS & Lesley P LENGTHHORNE in
Q3 1981 #16/D82
Chatham, Ken) 2. Craig Eric KITTS
b. 1986 |
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
of
CLEATOR in CUL => YORKSHIRE
seventh
child of William KITTO & Elizabeth Jane TEMBY
(1) Joseph
Samuel KITTO bp. 1880 Cleator Moor, Cul, E (Q1 1880 #10b/617 Whitehaven) m.
1903 (Q2 1903 #10b/1259
Whitehaven) occ: son (11) in 1891, labourer in coal mine (21) at home in 1901,
said to have left for
Sarah
Jane WISEMAN b.
1883 Potto,
1911 census # RG 14/27105, RD 500, SD
5, ED 14, Sh 104, 42 Brownhill Cr, Leeds, Ywry, Eng.
WISEMAN |
Annie |
1859 |
hd |
f |
52 |
wid |
2/2 |
Yks |
Potto |
housewife |
WISEMAN |
John
Ballison |
1886 |
s |
m |
25 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Potto |
grocers
asst |
KITTO |
Sarah
Jane |
1883 |
s |
f |
28 |
m5 |
3/3 |
Yks |
Potto |
housewife |
KITTO |
George
Wiseman |
1904 |
g/s |
m |
7 |
u |
- |
Yks |
Thornaby |
school |
KITTO |
|
1906 |
g/d |
f |
5 |
u |
- |
Cul |
Cleator
Moor |
--- |
KITTO |
John
Pattison |
1908 |
g/s |
m |
3 |
u |
- |
Yks |
|
--- |
PATTISON |
Albert |
1879 |
bor |
m |
32 |
m |
3/- |
Yks |
Middlesboro |
salesman
furniture |
.
1. |
George Wiseman KITTO b. 23 Aug
1904 Thornaby, Nry, Eng. (Q4 1904 #9d/514 Middlesbro, Nry) m. 1930 Wry, Eng. (Q3 1930 #9b/611 Leeds North Wry) d. 1980 (Q1 1980 #5/38 Leeds, Wry) aged
75 years, occ: g/son (7) in 1911
m/to Sophia KIRK b. 18 May
1906 |
2. |
Florence May KITTO b. 1906
Cul, Eng. (likely d/o Joseph Samuel & Sarah Jane WISEMAN in Q1 1906 #10b/734 Whitehaven,
Cul) d. 1925 (Q2 1925 #9b/394
Leeds, Wry) aged 19 years, child death, occ: g/dau (5) in 1911 |
3. |
John Pattison KITTO b. 20 Feb
1908 Ann Elizabeth HYDER b. 22 Feb
1904 |
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
(1) George Wiseman KITTO b. 23 Aug 1904
Sophia (Kitty) KIRK b. 18 May 1906
1. |
Graham KITTO b.
1938 Wry, Wendy ARNOLD b.
cc1938 |
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
(1) John Pattison KITTO b. 20 Feb 1908
Ann Elizabeth HYDER b. 22 Feb 1904
1. |
Eileen KITTO b.
1937 |
|
2. |
Elizabeth KITTO
b. 1939 Wry, Ronald FRANKLIN
b. 1927 |
|
|
A. |
Carolyn Elizabeth
FRANKLIN b. 1965 Bradford, Damien Gerald
WILKINSON b. cc1965 1. Thomas Luke WILKINSON b. 1988 Leeds, 2. Benedict Joseph WILKINSON b. 1988 Leeds, 3. Joshua Matthew WILKINSON b. 1992 Leeds, |
|
B |
Valerie Anne
FRANKLIN b. c1960s |
.
3. |
Trevor KITTO b.
1943 Wry, Diane P GREEN
b. cc1943 |
|
|
A. |
Jeremy KITTO b. 1970 Wry, Eng. (s/o Trevor & Diane P GREEN in Q2 1970 #2c/1734 Leeds, Wry) m. 1995 Yks, Eng. (Sep 1995 #864/31 Leeds, Yks) m/to Christy B WATTS
b. cc1970 1. Naomi Louise
KITTO b. 1996 2. Sam KITTO b.
1999 |
(family interest of
Carolyn FRANKLIN < cefranklin@aol.com
>)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++