D406 Human Biology 11 COTHS Cell Structure And Metabolism 2007

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D406 HUMAN BIOLOGY 11

Unit 2: Continuity of the human species 2.1 Cell Structure and Metabolism a) The human body consists of systems, organs, tissues and cells. b) Cells perform the life processes of cellular respiration, synthesis and growth. c) Substances move across cell membranes by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. d) The structure of the cell in relation to the functions it performs: endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membranes, chromosomes. e) Cellular respiration involves energy transformation from glucose to ATP in the mitochondrion. (Details of glycolysis and citric acid cycle are not required.) f) Supply of energy for synthesis, muscle contraction, nerve impulses etc. g) Synthesis of cell components requires energy and matter. h) The function and properties of enzymes, the lock and key model. i) DNA as the information which directs the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes. j) Growth by mitotic cell division, cell expansion and cell specialisation. k) The structure and function of four basic tissue types: epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective (as illustrated by one example of each). l) Cancer: types, causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. m) The cytological techniques used to study the structure and function of cells: sectioning, staining, light and electron microscopy, radioactive tracers and chromatography. n) The genetic code, messenger and transfer RNA.

D406 HUMAN BIOLOGY 11

Unit 2: Continuity of the human species General objectives: On completion of Unit 2, you should be able to: explain that cells carry out the life-sustaining processes of cellular respiration, synthesis and growth explain how the structures of tissues, cells and cellular organelles are related to the functions that they perform describe the role of DNA, enzymes and ATP in cellular metabolism discuss the nature, types and causes of cancer, preventative measures and treatments relate the structure of reproductive cells and organ systems to the functions they perform explain how decisions relating to sexual behaviour, the control of pregnancy and treatment of infertility involve consideration of relevant physiological, social and moral factors discuss the structural, physiological, behavioural and intellectual changes that occur during human development and senescence explain how genetic and environmental factors influence all aspects of human development and senescence describe the causative organisms, effects of and treatments for, sexually transmitted diseases and the social factors influencing their spread demonstrate competence in preparing wet mount slides, staining slides by irrigation, and using a monocular microscope to observe slides using both low and high power objective lenses demonstrate an interest in the scientific study of human problems and be willing to use scientific approaches to dealing with these problems display empathy towards individuals with physical, social and intellectual disabilities. Unit 2 is broken up into the following units. The content covered in each of these topics is listed below. The points in normal type can be expected to be covered in tests. The points typed in italics at the end of each topic are not always covered and if they are, they are assessed in work other than tests. 2.1 Cell Structure and Metabolism 2.2 Reproduction 2.3 Pregnancy 2.4 Infancy and Childhood 2.5 Adolescence, Adulthood and Senescence