Give the most suitable human biology term for each of the following.

1. Involves the movement of substances across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, that is, in the opposite direction from that in which diffusion would occur. So described because the cell must supply energy for the process to occur.

2. A liquid-filled sac within the cytoplasm.

3. The process in which a cell may surround some extracellular material within a fold of the cell membrane.

4. The process of “cell eating” where solid particles are taken into the cell.

5. The process of “cell drinking” where liquid material is taken into the cell.

6. Refers to all of the contents of the cell.

7. The material in which the cell contents are suspended, filling all of the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

8. The structures within a cell, suspended in the cytoplasm, that carry out particular functions.

9. The type of nuclear cell division which ensures that each body cell receives exactly the same hereditary material as that possessed by its parent cell.

10. Occurs because the random movement of ions and molecules distributes them evenly over the available space, even through a differentially permeable cell membrane.

HUMAN BIOLOGY — CELLS AND TISSUES circa 1990

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of your choice.

IGNORE the instructions given to you by Ms Benson about which questions to answer.

Instead, do this.

First Person: Answer questions 15, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40.

Second Person: Answer questions 16, 17, 23, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40.

1. In terms of the size of objects being viewed and resolving power available, which statement is correct?

a. Some cells can be seen with the naked eye.
b. The light microscope can be used to observe the internal structure of the chloroplasts.
c. The structure of cell membranes can be seen by using a light microscope.
d. Electrons can be seen with the electron microscope.

2. The size of cells is measured in micrometres which are:

a. millionths of a chronometer.
b. thousandths of a millimetre.
c. 102 centimetres.
d. hundredths of a centimetre.

3. The part which is used to adjust the amount of light entering the light microscope is the:

a. mirror.
b. diaphragm.
c. ocular.
d. objective.

4. At low power, the ocular is X10, the objective is X10, and the field diameter is 2mm for a particular microscope. If the objective is changed to X40, the new field diameter will be:

a. 1mm
b. 2mm
c. 500µm
d. 8000µm

5. In the previous question, ten cells fit across the diameter of the high power field. Each cell is therefore calculated to be approximately:

a. 1mm
b. 200µm
c. 25µm
d. 50µm

6. Which properties of a microscope enables one to see adjacent objects separately?

a. The illumination of the sample.
b. The magnification of the microscope.
c. The sensitivity of the fine adjuster.
d. The resolving power of the microscope.

7. The letter p when viewed through a monocular microscope will appear as:

a. p.
b. d.
c. b.
d. q.

8. Before examining a section of tissue under the microscope, the biologist usually prepares the tissue appropriately and then stains it with one or more appropriate dyes. The reasons for staining prior to microscopic examination include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. preserving the tissue so that cells are in exactly the same condition that they are in life.
b. enabling him to differentiate between the different components of the cell.
c. causing transparent and translucent structures within the cell to become more apparent.
d. allowing the composition of various parts of the cell to be determined.

9. The branch of biological science which deals with the structure of living organisms is called:

a. physiology.
b. ecology.
c. pathology.
d. anatomy.

10. Anything which causes a living thing to change its pattern of behaviour is known as:

a. stimulus.
b. tropism.
c. response.
d. reaction.

11. Histology is the study of:

a. cell structure and tissues.
b. the tissues of the body.
c. organs and systems of the body.
d. the function of the organs of the body.

12. Physiology is concerned with:

a. growth of the body.
b. activities of the body.
c. structure of the body.
d. diseases of the body.

13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living things?

a. Reproduction.
b. Egestion.
c. Sensitivity.
d. Excretion.

14. The main difference between plant and animal cells is:

a. that plant cells possess large vacuoles whereas animal cells have no vacuoles.
b. that plant cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane whereas animal cells have no nuclear membrane.
c. that plant cells have a cellulose cell wall whereas animal cells do not have a cell wall.
d. insignificant, because there is very little difference between them.

15. The basic structural units of life are:

a. cells.
b. tissues.
c. organs.
d. systems.

16. The substance that is described as the “material or physical basis of life” is:

a. nucleoplasm.
b. cytoplasm.
c. endoplasmic reticulum.
d. protoplasm.

17. Any group of cells of similar structure and performing a specific task is:

a. a system.
b. an epithelium.
c. a tissue.
d. an organ.

18. The four major groups of body tissues are:

a. bone, muscle, nerve, epithelial.
b. muscle, cartilage, bone, nerve.
c. skin, bone, nerve, muscle.
d. epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve.

19. The tissue that gives shape to the external ear, the tip of the nose and the walls of the trachea is:

a. soft bone.
b. adipose tissue.
c. cartilage.
d. smooth muscle.

20. Organs are defined as:

a. compact structures serving a definite purpose.
b. structures of the digestive tract.
c. types of tissue.
d. groups of cells of the same tissue type.

21. A piece of organ was viewed under a microscope and the cellular lining was observed to be columnar in appearance, but with goblet cells present. No evidence of hair-like structures was observed. It would be true to say:

a. this organ can allow mature ova to pass through it.
b. it is involved closely with gas exchange processes.
c. this organ could be involved with the process of digestion.
d. this organ is most likely part of the circulatory system.

22. An epithelial cell with a salt concentration of 0.4% in its cytoplasm is placed in a solution in which the concentration is 0.03%. You could expect the cell to:

a. remain unchanged.
b. shrink in size.
c. collapse.
d. swell and burst.

23. Water is separated from 5% sugar-in-water solution by a membrane that is permeable only to water. After a period of time, it could be expected that:

a. the sugar solution has been diluted with water.
b. sugar will be present in the water.
c. the solutions will not have altered.
d. sugar will be present in the water and the sugar solution has been diluted with water.

24. To remain alive, all cells must have all of the following features:

a. a source of energy, a functioning cell membrane, chloroplasts.
b. a functioning cell membrane, a supply of oxygen, an excretory mechanism.
c. a source of energy, a nucleus, a supply of oxygen.
d. an excretory mechanism, a source of energy, a functioning cell membrane.

25. Which of the following is not usually found in the cytoplasm of a cell?

a. Ribosomes.
b. Mitochondria.
c. Chromosomes.
d. Lysosomes.

26. The fluid within each cell is called:

a. extracellular.
b. intracellular.
c. intravascular.
d. intercellular.

27. The outer covering found on all cells is the:

a. nuclear membrane.
b. cell wall.
c. plasma membrane.
d. permeable membrane.

28. Vacuoles in cell cytoplasm function as:

a. secretory organelles.
b. stores of cell liquids.
c. energy producers.
d. protein synthesisers.

29. A complex network of membranes lying between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane is the:

a. mitochondria.
b. cristae.
c. cytoplasm.
d. endoplasmic reticulum.

30. Ribosomes are found on the:

a. mitochondria.
b. cell membrane.
c. endoplasmic reticulum.
d. nuclear membrane.

31. Which of the following is the “power house” of the cell?

a. Golgi apparatus.
b. Nucleus.
c. Mitochondria.
d. Lysosome.

32. The nucleus:

a. is always in the centre of the cell.
b. contains only DNA.
c. is present in all body cells.
d. controls cell metabolism.

33. Cilia:

a. are very fine microscopic hair-like structures on the inside of a cell.
b. are very fine microscopic hair-like structures on the outside of a cell.
c. are important in muscular contraction.
d. are a special property of single-celled organisms.

34. Cells can only synthesise proteins if:

a. their genetic material is dividing.
b. they contain nuclei, ribosomes and mitochondria.
c. they contain ribosomes.
d. they contain genetic material, mitochondria and chromosomes.

35. The control centre of cell division (mitosis) is the:

a. mitochondria.
b. nucleus.
c. protoplasm.
d. ribosomes.

36. A lysosome is:

a. responsible for the digestive activities in the cytoplasm of a cell.
b. an organelle which contains DNA.
c. a grouping of ribosomes.
d. responsible for developing the spindle during mitosis.

37. If the Golgi apparatus functions in secretion, then we would expect to find them most abundant in:

a. bone cells.
b. blood cells.
c. gland cells.
d. nerve cells.

38. Cells take in materials by engulfing them. If the cells are taking in water, this is called:

a. endocytosis.
b. exocytosis.
c. pinocytosis.
d. phagocytosis.

39. Aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose converts:

a. glucose to lactic acid.
b. 38 molecules of ADP and 38 phosphate groups into 38 molecules of ATP.
c. ATP into cell energy to make the mitochondrion work to the best of its ability.
d. fructose and maltose into sucrose.

40. DNA stands for:

a. Don’t No Anything!
b. the National Dyslexic Association.
c. Donald Nathan Armstong, the discoverer of the cellular hereditary material.
d. Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found only in the nucleus.

2. The main function of mitochondria is the conversion of food and oxygen to energy.

3. Sex hormones in the male are produced in the testes by the ribosomes.

4. Cells are the basic structural units of life.

5. 1000μm = 1mm.

6. Growth can be considered as an increase in the size and/or number of cells.

7. Mitosis is involved in all nuclear cell division except the gametes.

8. With a light microscope, magnification is inversely proportional to the width of the field of view, that is, double the magnification, then halve the field of view.

9. Ten cells each 200μm long fit across a field of view that is 2mm.

10. Increasing complexity is shown by the sequence of cells, tissues, organs and systems.

11. If the Golgi apparatus functions in secretion, then we would expect to find them most abundant in gland cells.

12. Protein synthesis is a complex process occurring in the cell, involving the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes.

13. Foods other than glucose can be used to provide energy because these foods can first be converted to glucose.

14. A simplified sequence for protein synthesis is: DNA ––> mRNA ––> ribosome ––> amino acid.

15. Cartilage is the tissue that gives shape to the external ear, the top of the nose and the walls of the C-shaped rings in the trachea.

16. ATP is an energy-rich compound that supplies energy for cellular metabolism.

17. In multicellular organisms, tissues can best be described as groups of cells, of of which have a similar structure and which usually perform a similar function.

18. Adipose tissue is composed of relatively large cells which contain a droplet of fat in their vacuoles.

19. In connective tissues, the matrix may exist as a fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous or rigid material. In circulating tissue, the matrix forms the plasma.

20. Before examining a section of tissue under the microscope, the biologist usually prepares the tissue appropriately and then stains it with one or more appropriate dyes. The reasons for staining prior to microscopic examination are:

• enabling him to differentiate between the different components of the cells
• causing transparent and translucent structures within the cell to become more apparent
• allowing the composition of various parts of the cell to be determined.

21. When the nucleus is removed from a cell and replaced within two days, the cell survives. If it is not replaced, the cell dies. This is best explained by “The nucleus supplies information which is necessary for maintaining chemical processes.”

22.