Unit 1: Humans as functioning organisms

1.5 INTERNAL TRANSPORT

a) The body’s requirements for nutrients and oxygen to supply energy and matter for activity, growth, replacement and repair.
b) The need for a specialised transport system.
c) The circulatory system as the link between all the major organs of the body and the body tissues.
d) The heart: chambers, valves, vessels, direction of blood flow.
e) Blood pressure.
f) General direction and function of systemic and pulmonary circulation.
g) Names of major vessels only: aorta, vena cavae, pulmonary vessels, carotid, coronary, renal, mesenteric, hepatic portal system.
h) The structure and functions of arteries, veins, capillaries; mention arterioles and venules.
i) Origin and fate of blood cells (not in detail), as well as their general functions.
j) The first aid associated with haemorrhage and shock.
k) Relationships between cells, tissue fluid and plasma.
l) Exchange between capillaries and tissue fluid, diffusion, the return of tissue fluid in the lymphatic system.
m) Blood clotting, blood transfusion, blood groups, anaemia.

Unit 1: Humans as functioning organisms

General objectives

On completion of Unit 1, you should be able to:

• describe human biology as a multidisciplinary study of humans at the levels of populations, individuals, systems, tissues and cells
• describe the general principles of biological classification and those features that characterise humans as mammals, primates and hominids
• recognise that an upright stance, uniquely intelligent brain and highly manipulative hands distinguish humans from other primates
• explain that human posture, object manipulation and locomotion involve the co-ordinated activity of muscular and skeletal systems
• describe the body’s requirements for nutrients and oxygen to supply energy and matter for activity, growth, repair and replacement
• explain how the digestive system facilitates the absorption of nutrient molecules
• explain how the respiratory system is adapted for efficient uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
• describe how the circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells, waste material and carbon dioxide from the cells, and acts as a link between all body tissues and major organ systems
• describe the beneficial effects of exercise on the musculo-skeletal, respiratory and circulatory systems
• describe the major cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and explain the factors which increase their risk of occurrence
• accurately measure time, length, mass, volume, temperature and pulse rate
• use food composition tables to analyse a diet and demonstrate competence in conducting chemical tests on foods
• demonstrate an awareness of basic first aid skills associated with bone fractures, haemorrhage and resuscitation
• demonstrate a positive attitude towards adopting a health sustaining lifestyle.

Unit 1 is broken up into the following units. The content covered in each of these topics is listed below.
The points in normal type can be expected to be covered in tests.
The points typed in italics at the end of each topic are not always covered and if they are, they are assessed in work other than tests.

1.1 Posture and Movement
1.2 The Primates
1.3 Gas Exchange
1.4 Nutrient Procurement
1.5 Internal Transport
1.6 Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases