1. An omnivorous diet includes both plant and animal material.

2. A nocturnal animal is more active at night than during the day.

3. Prehensile means grasping, for example, a prehensile hand or prehensile tail.

4. Brachiation is the method of locomotion where an animal swings by its arms.

5. A herbivorous diet consisting of only plant material.

6. Tree-dwelling animals are arboreal.

7. Quadrupedal describes an animal walking on all four limbs. (Notice the spelling!)

8. Vocalisation is communication using sounds produced by the throat.

9. Ground-dwelling animals are terrestrial.

10. Knuckle-walking is quadrupedal locomotion using the soles of the feet, but with the hands turned under.

Revision Questions

Revision Questions

Revision Questions

1. A tendon is a tough band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

2. A power grip is a grip whereby the object is grasped between the undersides of the fingers and the palm of the hand, e.g. holding a hammer.

3. A precision grip is a grip whereby the object is gripped between the thumb and finger, e.g. holding a pencil or a needle.

4. An osteocyte is a bone cell.

5. The Haversian system is an interconnecting system of canals in compact bone providing an extensive blood and lymphatic supply throughout the bone.

6. The matrix is the nonliving material in the interstices between the osteocytes.

7. A ligament is a tough band of connective tissue linking bone to bone.

8. A synovial joint is a freely moveable joint with a synovial capsule, synovial membrane and synovial fluid.

9. A complicated fracture is a broken bone which damages another important structure.

10. Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles which work together to permit a certain movement. As one muscle of the pair contracts, the other relaxes.

11. The foramen magnum is the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

12. Red bone marrow is found in the medullary canal (marrow cavity) of bones and is the principal site for the formation of red blood cells.
In particular, found in the cavities of the pelvis, vertebrae and ribs of adults. [90]

13. Compact bone is dense, strong bone tissue found on the surfaces of bones. It is very thick in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones.

14. Cancellous bone is porous bone containing many blood vessels. It is found in the epiphyses (ends) of long bones.

15. The medullary canal is the canal in the centre of long bones containing the bone marrow.

16. Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary canal of long bones and is primarily composed of fat and is not capable of blood cell formation.

Revision Questions

1. Sutures (fixed joints, immovable joints) are the joins between the bones of the skull.

2. A bursa serves as a cushion.

3. There are seven vertebrae in the cervix (the cervical region) of the spine.

4. Freely moveable joints (synovial joints) are lubricated by synovial fluid.

5. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column and the rib cage.

6. Osteoporosis results in the gradual reduction in bone formation and is common in older women. It may be caused by dietary factors
(e.g. a lack of calcium ions and a lack of vitamin D), lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking and a lack of physical activity) and hormonal factors
(e.g. a loss of sex hormones in women as they get older).

7. The femur, fibula, tibia and patella are all part of the appendicular skeleton.

8. The wriggly lines on the cranium are immovable joints called sutures.

9. Bursae act as cushions in some joints such as the knee joint.

10. If a person broke his spinal cord at the lower part of the cervical area of the spinal column, he would be paralysed from the neck down.

11. The pair of similar strength bones in the lower arm are the radius and ulna.

12. First aid for a person with a broken arm would be to treat for shock and then put a splint on the broken limb.

13. When running, to extend the front leg, the runner must contract the quadriceps and relax the hamstrings.

14. Humans have an opposable thumb which enables them to touch the ends of every finger with it. This allows the precision grip to be used.

15. Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the epiphyses of long bones.

16. In an experiment, the independent variable is the one altered by you, the experimenter.

Revision Questions

1. Bending of the arm towards the elbow is due to contraction of the biceps muscle while the triceps muscle is relaxed.

2. The fingers are the phalanges; the radius is on the thumb side of the lower arm, and the point of the elbow is the end of the ulna.

3. There is a synovial joint (freely moveable) at both ends of the humerus.

4. The elbow and knee are hinge joints; there is a pivot joint between the atlas and axis at the top of the spinal column.

5. The Haversian canal at the centre of the Haversian system contains blood vessels.
The bony matrix contains a large amount of inorganic material such as calcium ions.
Spongy bone does not have Haversian systems.

6. Osteoporosis results in the gradual reduction in bone formation and is common in older women. It may be caused by dietary factors
(e.g. a lack of calcium ions and a lack of vitamin D), lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking and a lack of physical activity) and hormonal factors
(e.g. a loss of sex hormones in women as they get older).

7. The femur, fibula, tibia and patella are all part of the appendicular skeleton.

8. The wriggly lines on the cranium are immovable joints called sutures.

9. Bursae act as cushions in some joints such as the knee joint.

10. If a person broke his spinal cord at the lower part of the cervical area of the spinal column, he would be paralysed from the neck down.

11. The pair of similar strength bones in the lower arm are the radius and ulna.

12. First aid for a person with a broken arm would be to treat for shock and then put a splint on the broken limb.

13. When running, to extend the front leg, the runner must contract the quadriceps and relax the hamstrings.

14. Humans have an opposable thumb which enables them to touch the ends of every finger with it. This allows the precision grip to be used.

15. Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the epiphyses of long bones.

16. In an experiment, the independent variable is the one altered by you, the experimenter.

Revision Questions