1. Which have more structural characteristics in common: two organisms in the same class or two in the same family? (1 mark)

2. How many words make up the species name of an organism? Give an example. (1 mark)

3. Is it possible for two animals to be in the same genus but not in the same family? Explain. (2 marks)

4. The scientific name for the baboon is Papio papio. The scientific name for the mandrill is Papio sphinx.
Do they belong to the same species? Explain. (2 marks)

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Each question is worth 1 mark.
Each point you make is worth 0.5 mark.
You should describe two different things to get full marks.
Write your answers as sentences.
Use the essence of the question as the start of your answer.

The primate hand has many important features.

1. Why do you think that nails have replaced claws on the digits of primates? (1 mark)

2. How would the presence of friction ridges be an advantage to both arboreal
primates and terrestrial primates? (1 mark)

3. Primates have little or no hair on their hands. Why would this be a favourable adaptation? (1 mark)

4. What term describes the ability of the hands of primates to grasp objects efficiently? (1 mark)

5. Which characteristic of the treeshrew hand makes its classification as a primate difficult? (1 mark)

Treeshrew: Image Source

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Give the most suitable human biology term for each of the following.
Each question is worth 1 mark.

1. A diet that includes both plant and animal material.

2. An animal which is more active at night than during the day.

3. Grasping, such as a grasping hand or a grasping tail.

4. A method of locomotion where an animal swings by its arms.

5. A diet consisting of only plant material.

6. Tree-dwelling.

7. Walking on all four limbs.

8. Communication using sounds produced by the throat.

9. Ground-dwelling.

10. Quadrupedal locomotion using the soles of the feet, but with the hands turned under.

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Comparisons between Humans and Apes

1. Describe the shape of the human vertebral column. (1 mark)
2. How is the shape of the human pelvis different from the shape of the ape pelvis? (1 mark)

3. Which type of foot arch is unique to humans and what is its function? (2 marks)

4. Which type of grip is unique to the human hand and what is its function? (2 marks)

5. Approximately how many times bigger is the human brain than the ape brain? (1 mark)

6. Development of which part of the brain enables greater intelligence in humans. (1 mark)

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Test

1. Which is the correct sequence of classification from most general to most specific?

(a) family, class, genus, order.
(b) class, order, family, genus.
(c) order, class, genus, family.
(d) genus, family, order, class.

2. “A group of individuals which are alike and able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring."
This is the definition of a

(a) primate.
(b) family.
(c) hominid.
(d) species.

3. A diet consisting of both plant and animal matter is called

(a) omnivorous.
(b) herbivorous.
(c) frugivorous.
(d) carnivorous.

4. The relative importance of the sense of smell in primates

(a) is increased.
(b) remains constant.
(c) is reduced.
(d) varies with different species.

5. The most accurate name for the form of primate locomotion which involves all four limbs bearing the body’s weight,
with the forelimbs being about 20% longer than the hind limbs is

(a) quadrupedalism.
(b) brachiation.
(c) bipedalism.
(d) knuckle-walking.

6. Examine the following diagrams of primate feet.

Insert two images.
Remove the identifying names.
A: Chimpanzee Foot B: Human Foot

Which of these statements about feet A and B is true?

(a) A would be capable of prehensility but not capable of opposability.
(b) B would have a longitudinal arch suited to bipedalism whereas A would have a transverse arch suited to quadrupedalism.
(c) B is best adapted to bipedalism because opposability and prehensility are restricted.
(d) A shows adaptations suited to brachiation whereas B would be suited to quadrupedalism.

7. A primate which has a prehensile tail, brachiates as its main method of locomotion,
has an arboreal habitat and lives in South America would belong to which group?

(a) Prosimians.
(b) New World Monkeys.
(c) Old World Monkeys.
(d) Lesser Apes.

8. Of the following primates, those most adapted to an arboreal way of life are the

(a) chimpanzees.
(b) gibbons.
(c) gorillas.
(d) baboons.

9. Which of the following primates is LEAST likely to use brachiation as its main method of locomotion?

(a) An ape which feeds on fruit in trees.
(b) An arboreal ape.
(c) A terrestrial monkey.
(d) A monkey which vocalises loudly to communicate over long distances.

10. Which of the following primates would you expect to have the most highly developed cerebral cortex area of the brain?

(a) siamang (a lesser ape)
(b) squirrel monkey (a New World monkey)
(c) tarsier (a prosimian)
(d) macaque (an Old World monkey)

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Give the most suitable human biology term for each of the following.

1. The first digit can be moved in such a way that it can touch each of the other digits.

2. Capable of grasping.

3. A group of individuals capable of interbreeding under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring.

4. Locomotion by a form of branch swinging.

5. The outer region of the brain which is concerned with the more intelligent thought processes such as reasoning and problem solving.

6. Locomotion on four feet.

7. Walking on two legs.

8. Tree-living.

9. Where the object is gripped between the thumb and finger, e.g. holding a pencil.

10. Where the object is grasped between the undersides of the fingers and the palm of the hand, e.g. holding a hammer.

11. An arch which runs from one side of the foot to the other.

12. Method of locomotion, e.g. gorilla walks on the soles of its feet but turns the hands under so that the knuckles are in contact with the ground, rather than the palms.

13. The great apes. They have a larger body size and larger brain size than the lesser apes.

14. These are the lower primates which do not show all of the primate characteristics.
They are small in size, with less flexible hands, larger snouts and smaller brains than other primates.

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