PART "B"
DIRECT CORRESPONDENCE WITH MR.
DON BINKOWSKI,
THE PARTICIPANT OF THE CONFERENCE
IN
Before I start quoting the whole correspondence between Mr. Don Binkowski
and me I would like to present the letter received from him afterinitial
publication of this page. Because this letter contains an important caveat,
which I understand and consider a honest declaration of the Author:
Subject: Re: Your letters
Date:
From: RSelimaj@aol.com
To:
miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au
CC: donb@ioa.com
Dear Miroslaw,
I believe that you had the experience of someone
contacting you (to use our expression) out
of the clear blue. It would be helpful if you initially informed your
correspondent of your web pages so that they can get a reading of where you're
coming from.
To try to put my
views in some sort of perspective, I would like this CAVEAT placed before any
of my opinions placed on the Internet: "Since I am a neophyte and
not an authority, I am learning, not pontificating. I express my opinions
but they are not cast in concrete. Since I am not an evangelist, I not
trying to convince anyone of anything. Everyone is entitled to their
opinions and beliefs. In an attempt to engage in a dialogue about the
Polish Round Table, I have made preliminary judgements, which are subject to
change based upon other evidence. I respect everyone's opinion but I am
interested if there are facts to substantiate their opinion. Like others,
I am looking for the almost indiscoverable, "the truth." As an
attorney, I have been trained to evaluate facts and I would like to receive as
many as possible."
Don Binkowski
------------------------------------------------------
Subject: The Polish Round Table
Date:
From: RSelimaj@aol.com
To:
miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au, PONIECKA@aol.com
CC: donb@ioa.com
Drogi Miroslaw,
As Maryan knows, I am temporarily in
Also, as Wojciechowka knows, I do not speak, read or write Polish.
Before I go on the web with my views, I should first acquire more
background. Until the Ann Arbor Conference, I never heard of the Polish
Round Table.
Were any books published in
While there are varying views of this effectiveness and impact, can there
be any question that it was equally or more historically important (as I
believe) than the falling of the Berlin Wall? It appears to be THE MOST
IMPORTANT POLISH EVENT since August 1939.
If we can come to some kind of consensus, I can get a feel for the
historical significances of the event.
As I tried, in a short-hand manner, to conclude, the elections of the
Polish Round Table split Solidarnosc in many components that I have no idea as
to their nuance and number today as they are reflected in different political
parties.
The Ann Arbor Conference singled out Lech Walesa (who was invited along
with many others, e.g. Z. Brzezinski) as the leading figure in addition to
Jaruzelski, who failed to appear. (Kiszczak also failed to appear).
The Univ of Michigan tried to preserve the record of the Polish
Roundtable and to place it in historical context. Rational, intelligent
individuals can hardly quarrel with this purpose. While it is so easy to
impute nefarious motives to your adversary, it would appear that the Catholic
Church is advocating
love, forgiveness and reconciliation.
While I maintain that there appear to be few Christians in
In 1989, could anyone disagree that the first and only goal was to escape
Communist control? Did not the Polish Round Table take that critical,
irreversible step (crossing the Rubicon) and then beyond?
Please share your knowledge and views with me.
By the way do happen to know the Binkowski in
It's about Poles and Polish Americans in the union movement. It's
on the Geo Cities site; maybe Maryann can give the web site to you since I
don't have access to all of my materials at the Internet of Asheville, my
internet provider.
Don Binkowski irmed letter with a short note, with an intention to reply fully later :
Subject: Re:
(no subject)
Date:
From: Miroslaw Krupinski <miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au>
Organization: consulting engineer
To: RSelimaj@aol.com
CC: HannaPoniecka <PONIECKA@aol.com>
References: 1
Dear Don,
Thank you
for your two letters. I will send a longer reply tomorrow or day after, because
it needs to be written off-line. I will try to present some abbreviated
information, which maybe you will consider in your opinion about the Round
Table and caused by it situation in
Of course
it will be not my full opinion. More of it in "Kraj Utracony", 35
numbers of which are accessible from the current issue (URL below). I am sorry
that it is in Polish - the language you are not very strong with. But in my
opinion, to judge the subject you must study some Polish documents and opinions
(not necessary mine). I know that it is easy to accept given on the silver
plate (in English) the option presented by communists in
Regards
Miroslaw
Subject: Re:
Your letters
Date:
From: Miroslaw Krupinski <miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au>
Organization: consulting engineer
To: RSelimaj@aol.com
BCC:
"p.PONIECKA" <PONIECKA@aol.com>
References: 1
Dear Don,
As I have
promised - I'm trying to reply to your both letters and at this occasion to
your favorable opinion about Round Table and Round Table anniversary
celebration. I have browsed your home page, so I have a general idea about your
attitude to the communism.
Writing
this letter I have an intention to publish it, together (only with your
permission) with your letters. Because I can't afford to write it to every
misled person separately. So please do not publish it before that. If you do
not like to be quoted or named - please let me know. I will turn it into
nameless story, without mentioning you or Mrs. Poniecka.
You wrote:
> Also, as Wojciechowka knows, I do not
speak, read or write Polish. Before I
> go on the web with my views, I should first
acquire more background. Until
> the Ann Arbor Conference, I never heard of the
Polish Round Table.
It
explains plenty to me. Having your first contact with the subject you had
received one side briefing about it, given in understandable to you language,
by the people who are selling they propaganda around the World, to get a false
certificate of morality, and thereof to survive. You had no occasion to study
the problem before, so you had no doubt that all those nice people, with smile
to sell, are telling the truth. Thereof, on the basis of that one side story
you expressed your opinion (I admit - privately, because I did not find it on
your page). Mrs. H. Poniecka has told me that you have scientific interest in
communism and Polish affairs - so I can understand and praise, because you have
a Polish name and Polish ancestors.
> Were any books published in
> occurred 10 years ago. Again, I have not
kept up with current events in
There
were some publications (including mentioned by You book by Kiszczak), written
mostly by the communist and so called "opposition" who took part in
that deal and achieved significant personal profits. Even before 1989
("end" of communism) Jaruzelski and his henchmen were traveling
around the World with the speeches and papers to justify the martial law
introduced in 1981. Not expecting the collapse of Soviet Unions and thereof
discovery of the true - they presented themselves as the patriots and saviors
of the nation. The truth is they were traitors and Jaruzelski many times in
1981 was begging soviet political and military authorities for invasion. That
was recorded in the documents of the Polit Bureau of the soviet Central Comity
and published by Wladimir Bukowski, who find access to the records. It was
confirmed by soviet government as well.
The main bulk of information about that period you can find not in the books but in Polish press (as "Rzeczpospolita", "Nasza Polska" and others). Some of links to such materials you can find in the archive of my forum "Kraj Utracony". If you can read the archive of the daily "Rzeczpospolita" - you can find that attitude of it was changing, following ongoing discoveries of the fact and documents. You can find, that Jaruzelski, Kiszczak and some other "saviors" are accused for many years and awaiting a trial for the crimes committed against their own nation and human rights in general. But they are "so sick" that they can't appear in court. For long time it was not preventing to issue them passports and to travel the World, as I mentioned before.
> While there are varying views of this
effectiveness and impact, can there be
> any question that it was equally or more historically
important (as I
> believe) than the falling of the Berlin
Wall? It appears to be THE MOST
> IMPORTANT POLISH EVENT since August 1939.
It is, in
my opinion not the truth. First - the communism in
First -
there were millions of the innocent victims inside of the communist countries,
which were accumulating in the memories of the living. For this reason there
were no more than 6-7% of the party members in each of the communists
countries, even
Second -
the looting during the revolution and after W.W.II provided limited wealth,
which was eaten by 70 years and wasted by "ingenious" rulers as
Stalin (but not only him alone).
Third -
there was a "cold war" consuming enormous funds and killing Russian
economy.
As the
result in 1987-89 the Russian communism was dying, rotten and abandoned by the
World and by its own nation remembering its crimes, It produced
Gorbachow, but still no economic solution. With Russian communism rotten and
dying - the communists in
And then
communists committed ingenious deception based on the knowledge of the human
greed, weakness and desire of the power. They had used old links, ties and
blackmail with/against so called "opposition" to arrange the Round
Table in Magdalenka. They "offered" half of their power, which they
de facto already lost, to swap for the half of responsibility for their crimes.
And they bluff had worked. At the end of the Magdalenka conference they
turned themselves from the powerless dying corpse and bankrupt into free of any
responsibility partner. Jaruzelski "bought" as well the presidency
for himself - the position which nobody except voters had right to give him.
The traitors had sold it for the chairs in new government for themselves.
The
nation resisted. In "phony" presidential election with the single
candidate and presidency already sold - the voters did not provide enough votes
to make it valid. So called "opposition" with L.Walesa in first row
had a hard work to force their deal on the nation. But at the end they managed
to do it. By their own deception and false promises.
Following
years proved that it was not honest deal. The new cast of ex-red prominents
appeared - grabbing the positions, wealth and power. They tolerated those of
the Magdalenka associates who were collaborating with them and were fighting
against any opposition. Cheated nation became politically passive - the turn of
votes following elections was below 50 % of entitled to vote. For excommunists
it is a winning factor - they are voting all, because it is "to be or not
to be" question for them.
Results?
Thousands of Polish retirees are living in poverty, receiving 300-400zl
(75-100 $US) per month.
The teacher with 20 years of practice is paid net salary less than 1,000
zl/month. Similar salary is receiving doctor anestesiolog.
At the same time former colonel of UB/SB is receiving about 5 000
zl/month.
The industry, land and banks are going into foreign hands for the
fraction of its value.
Several industries and farming are at the verge of collapse.
Some industrial branches are suffering "planned losses"
achieving the annual planned loss during the first 3 months of the year.
Generally, the former communists and their new associates, who are wielding power, are today the most vicious imperialists - ignoring the nation's need in areas of education, health services, housing. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs are in 80-90 percent staffed by former communistic diplomats and former security employees.
> If we can come to some kind of consensus, I
can get a feel for the historical
> significances of the event.
Where, after your have read all
above, this consensus point is placed?
> As I tried, in a short-hand manner, to
conclude, the elections of the Polish
> Round Table split Solidarnosc in many
components that I have no idea as to
> their nuance and number today as they are
reflected in different political
> parties.
Did you
hear the old Roman proverb "devide et impera" (divide and rule). It
is again a product of the Round Table AD 1989. Before that event the Poles were
united in their hostility against communists. After they were sold in
Magdalenka - they do not believe anybody any more. They are for long to go
divided, to enable rules of post communists and their new friends.
> The Ann Arbor Conference singled out Lech
Walesa (who was invited along with
> many others, e.g. Z. Brzezinski) as the
leading figure in addition to
> Jaruzelski, who failed to appear.
(Kiszczak also failed to appear).
True. And
for this reason Walesa lost his value as a politician. He partly knows it, and
he knows that his presence at the
> The Univ of Michigan tried to preserve the
record of the Polish Roundtable
> and to place it in historical context.
Rational, intelligent individuals can
> hardly quarrel with this purpose. While
it is so easy to impute nefarious
> motives to your adversary, it would appear
that the Catholic Church is
> advocating love, forgiveness and
reconciliation.
I believe
that
> While I maintain that there appear to be
few Christians in
> Dembowski rationalized it differently.
He stated that they "were not
> Christian enough." With a Papal
Blessing and two R.C. bishops, I don't know
> how the Conference could be more biased toward
the Prawica.
When that
Papal Blessing of the Conference took place, and which conference - that in
1989 in Magdalenka or that in 1999 in
> In 1989, could anyone disagree that the
first and only goal was to escape
> Communist control? Did not the Polish
Round Table take that critical,
> irreversible step (crossing the Rubicon) and
then beyond?
Unfortunately
- the proper course of action in 1989 was to wait a few months longer and
celebrate the natural death of the communism - not to go into association with
the criminals and bankrupts. Could you imagine similar solution in April/May
1945
> Please share your knowledge and views with me.
Done,
Don. In very short abbreviation - more as inspiration for your own honest study
than to turn you over. But you can't afford not to search for the facts (in
Polish too) and use only nicely wrapped and translated lies pushed into your
hands at the garage sale in
Regards
Miroslaw
--
Miroslaw M. Krupinski
http://worf.albanyis.com.au/~matuzal/index.htm
http://www.fullcomp.com.au/~miroslaw/KRAJ_UTRACONY.htm
B5------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: POLISH
ROUNDTABLE
Date: Sat,
From:
George Montgomery <georgeem@home.com>
Organization: @Home Network
To: miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au, bporter@umich.edu, donb@ioa.com,
poniecka@aol.com
Dear Folks:
Please check the attached file
Don Binkowski
To the above letter was attached MSWord file containing following text:
Dear Miroslaw,
Dziekuje bardzo for containing some of your anger. You must be complimented for engaging in this dialogue that involves much suffering and tribulations.
If you don’t mind, I believe that it will be
beneficial to both of us if we try to bring into the discussion one of the
organizers of the Polish Round Table, Professor Brian Porter, who has spent
five years in Poland, speaks Polish fluently and is researching an aspect of
Polish history. He can address some of your concerns more articulately
than me. I assume but I believe that it is necessary to indicate that we
have a rich history of academic freedom coupled with the freedom of press and
free speech. As to the latter, I believe that Voltaire’s famous statement
is relevant: ‘I disagree totally with what you have to say but I will defend to
my death your right to say it.” If
1) To try to avoid some of your reactions, I purposely limited my discussion to American Communists of the Depression years and used 1945 in my web page, before the start of the Cold War, as the period under consideration. (Did you note Konstanty’s father?)
MK: I
understand that we are discussing here the nature of the communism as the
background for the valuation of the dishonest, in my opinion, Magdalenka
agreement. Agreement which ruled out responsibilities of the communist for
committed crimes and made them the new partners. At the same time this pact
made yesterday "oposition" responsible together with the communists
for the tragic economic situation of
2) I think that it is probably relevant that
you indicate when you left
MK: Thank you - I feel fully free to determine my way of discussion. As for my history - you can find full information, in Polish and in English under URL: http://worf.albanyis.com.au/~matuzal/index.htm
3) It appears, and I want to emphasize that
it appears that it is difficult, if not impossible, to discuss the Polish Round
Table without discussing the misery that Jaruzelski and all of the Communists
since 1944 brought to
MK: If you
ability to discuss the nature of the crimes of the communists are limited due
to your American attorney or judge status - this all discussion is disabled.
However maybe as a person who make opinions about Polish realities - you will
be pleased to know, that Polish Supreme Court in it's valid verdicts decided
that even in the lights of the communist PRL laws - the introduction of the
martial law before 18th December 1981 was an unlawful crime. That, doing
so, Jaruzelski & Co committed a forgery of the Government Gazette
"Monitor Polski" falsely dated 13.12.1981 and printed later on
December 18th. Between that both dates, as result of Jaruzelski and
Kiszczak orders, the peoples were murdered and thousands of them arrested
and imprisoned. So it qualifies them, in my opinion, as murderers. The
reference numbers of those verdicts are:
WRN. 126/91, WRN 105/91.
So please - do not use the peaceful mission of the Pope as the alibi for Jaruzelski, because the intention of the Pope was to diplomatically disable Jaruzelski's murderous abilities, not to canonize him.
We can't avoid in this discussion to speak about the crimes and treason of Jaruzelski, because he was the person to whom the presidency of the new Poland has been sold in Magdalenka, with disrespect to the Polish voters, who should have the right to decide about it. That democratic right was taken from them at the Round Table in Magdalenka in 1989. They remember it at every following election. And it is too a part of the event we are trying to celebrate today, 10 years later.
4) It may be as difficult for you as it
appears to be for me to comment that you are responding as if it were 1990, not
1999, ten years after the fact. Emotionally, you appear to be caught up with a
number of events that did not necessarily have to happen as a result of the
Polish Round Table, and therefore they are not germane to the discussion.
While Prof. Porter may have a different view, I maintain that the most relevant
question is to what extent the Polish Round Table contributed to the demise of
Communism not only in
MK: Don, you are doing general comments, ignoring at the same time my previous arguments and explanations. I already expressed my opinion about the reasons why the Polish people became politically passive (inactive) and how communists not only survived they own suicidal death but grabbed wealth and power. I repeat - the only achievement of the Polish Round Table was the rescue of the deadly sick corpse of communism and creation, for they new associates, the future carrier path.
As for Hungarian "followers" - The
Hungarians, after October 1956, were the most frightened nation in
5. While I understand your view point, I can
only argue that a Christian is not a Christian for one hour a week. Saint
Maximillian Kolbe did not have to become a martyr. The test of
Christianity, i.e. to love your enemies can only be a real test when you have a
viable enemy. Moreover, I am rather shocked to hear of post-war
Communists in
MK: So why
this stupid World, at the enormous expanses, maintains the prisons, courts,
tribunals, armies and police? Why we have UN and peace keeping forces? Why we
were bombing
Don't you think that the reconciliation is for arguing, separated, offended and mutually misunderstood - not for the murderers and their victims? Don't you think that when a cop or a judge, despite the proven crimes lets the criminal go free - it is probably a corruption and not a reconciliation? If you don't think so - we are incompatible and we are wasting our time discussing here.
6. Regarding my question of Polish
publications about the Round Table, I cannot quantify your answer that “some
publications” resulted. Did not Michnik and other members of Solidarity
defend their actions and write about their responses? Perhaps, a rational
discussion has been impossible in
MK: Michnik was not a member of Solidarity. He was a former communist, growing his own ideas (KPN), with some friendly understanding from the communists. He was as well an communist's associate - participant of the Round Table affair and, against his previous ideas, the "new" friend of Urban, Jaruzelski, Kiszczak. With a great profit for himself.
7. As best as I can determine at this point, the nub of the critical issue is whether Communism was going to collapse as you claim or whether Jaruzelski and the KP had sufficient power to remain without making any concessions. Since I did not attend all of the sessions, Prof. Porter can possibly indicate whether the Solidarity members were in agreement that Jaruzelski had the upper hand at the time. As I first indicated to you, I am a neophyte and I cannot express an opinion because I have not studied the issue. Accordingly, I must defer to others.
MK: I was
observing very closely what is going in the World and
8. It may be unfortunate that the
MK: I had sent my opinions to the organizers by internet - in Polish, together with the URL addresses of the "Kraj Utracony" where is a plenty of such considerations, of my presented on internet books "Zaulki Zbrodni" and "Zaulki Prawa". The Polish language was, as I read in University info, the main language of the conference. So why it all was ignored?
I know another person, Canadian Jack Badura, who was desperately trying to submit his papers for the conference. It was denied.
Do you not think that there were plenty of filters there? Filters which were admitting the supporters as you and preventing "less supportive enthusiasts", as me or J. Badura, to be admitted in?
9. The Secretariat of State, Vatican, March 5, 1999 sent the following to the President of U-M: “His Holiness Pope John Paul II was pleased to receive your letter informing him that on April 7-10, 1999 the University of Michigan will sponsor an academic conference on the Tenth Anniversary of the Polish ‘Round Table Talks’ of 1989. He wishes me to convey his cordial greetings and good wishes to all taking part. His Holiness hopes that his disciplined reflection on the spiritual, cultural and political aspects of Poland’s peaceful transition to democracy will highlight their ultimate foundation in a moral imperative arising from the vision of man’s innate dignity of truth (cf. Encyclical Letter “Centesimus Annus,” 23-24). He is confident that the Conference’s work will call needed attention to the superiority of patient dialogue over all forms of violence in the resolution of conflicts and the building of a just and humane social order. With these sentiments, His Holiness willingly invokes upon the organizers and participants in the academic program Almighty God’s blessings of wisdom, strength and peace.” S/Secretary of State.
MK: I am not the person for official interpretation of such nice gesture. But let me express my opinion:
It is a standard, polite answer for the
received by the
So I believe that Jaruzelski and Kiszczak will have friendly treatment in the Hell, but they have to answer to the law on the Earth as well. Such is the World order. And I am sure, that it still left the consideration of the true nature and results of the Round Table Conference open to us and our children. And that we are not obliged to commit the forgery of our history.
10. I believe that the Conference reiterated the Pope’s concern. The transition resulting from the 1989 Polish Round Table was PEACEFUL and without bloodshed as in 1956, 1968, 1970, 1976 and 1981. You certainly are entitled to your opinion that there were other contributing reasons for the 1989 collapse. The Conference did not exculpate Jaruzelski for any of his actions and I don’t know to what extent he was credited for the ultimate decision to allow free elections. You don’t have to give the Devil his due but please don’t confuse the observers with any of the participants. Chrzanowski expressed his disagreements and he refused to negotiate. I have always taken the position that if the Pope could negotiate with Communists then it was perfectly legitimate for the secular to negotiate with them. Somehow, do I get the impression that before shooting Jaruzelski that you do not want to allow him to express any dying words?
MK: Of course that each of us is entitled to his own opinion. The only difference between those two opinions is that you see in the 1989 communists converted sinners, throwing they weapon away - and I see them as the powerless corpse, who lost they sword, claws and fangs, and whose only available weapon was a deception and greedy helpers..
11. Whether you disagree, will
you concede that other Europeans have the legitimate right to express
themselves as to whether they relied on the results of the Polish Round Table
and whether it was instrumental in assisting them to end the Communist control
in their country? At this point, I return to my earlier statement, the
Polish Round Table contributed more to the collapse of Communism than the fall
of the
MK: None of
both - the fall of the
12. As a practical and real matter, it will not salve the misery of Poles to know that their experiences under Communism were considerably less arduous than their neighbors and even their Russian brethren. However, most would agree that the Communists have lost power and influence. As bad as the conditions may have been in 1989, and there cannot be any justifications or rationalizations for them, the Poles will have to continue to look to Heaven for redress knowing that they enjoyed more economic benefits than their ancestors either in 1913 or probably in 1938. Again, I am not trying to rationalize the Communist domination but to try to put it in some kind of historical perspective.
MK: I agree
that the communism has lost its power and influence. But not the communists -
and the
Subject: The Polish
Round Table
Date:
From: RSelimaj@aol.com
To: miroslaw@fullcomp.com.au
CC: PONIECKA@aol.com, donb@ioa.com
Dear Miroslaw,
Perhaps, this is a good example why few
people know of the Polish Round Table. After being denied a return visa
to
You cannot find a separate listing for "Polish Round Table" in the Index, which complicates the job of a researcher.
"Walesa took the offensive once again, overriding his intellectual advisers and emanding that Solidarity form the first noncommunist government in Eastern Europe, assuming responsibility for a country that was near economic collapse ... With his critics shouting that he was walking into a trap, Walesa achieved the breakthrough that triggered all of the subsequent events of that momentous year, p. 53."
"But Jaruzelski's government later agreed to sit down with Solidarity at the round table, an unprecedented action at that time. That mixed record left Jaruzelski's behavior open to a broad range of interpretation, p. 59."
See Jaruzelski's version of events on p. 60. "The willingness of many Poles eventually to give Jaruzelski and his colleagues the benefit of the doubt on martial law does not necessarily translate into an acceptance of their revisionist version of subsequent events. The evidence suggests that Jaruzelski's later rule was not so benign or forward looking as he would have everyone believe, p. 61."
Rakowski was quoted as saying, "...the
government of which I was a part were not mentally prepared to recognize a
second equal or even stronger force
(1989), p. 63"
"Faced with a collapsing economy, mounting social discontent that threatened to explode, and no possibility of Soviet support for a new crackdown, the communists had negotiated th round-table accords, hoping to cling to power by giving a portion of it away. ... The round table constituted the party's last hope of controlling their landing, pp. 63-64."
"Though acknowledging their efforts to
cling to power, Kiszczak and his colleagues offer what they call their
moderation as evidence of their goodwill, p. 64." See
The collapse of Communism in
Perhaps, this is the numb of the problem in analyzing the results of the Round Table. Perhaps, they are being too personalized.
Again, let's return to the process called the
Polish Round Table. No government in either Central or
I am willing to stop at this point.
I don't need "heroes" and "traitors." For me, it is not necessary to personalize the activists and give particular credit to any one or several individuals.
Would this help to conclude the discussion about one facet of the Polish Round Table?
Others can argue over the cause and the
motives of the various participants but it's not necessary to credit
Don Binkowski
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thanks, Don. I appreciate this last material and I'm publishing it for the readers for further consideration, without my own comments. I think it is as good conclusion for this discussion as could be many another - because it is a wide subject. I hope that we both have helped some people, left till now in the dark because of the lack of information or problems with the Polish language, to understand more the Polish history and today's reality.
Thank you for the discussion.
Miroslaw M. Krupinski
Note: Some later received letters of Don Binkowski (including "second conclusion) are published in "Feedback" part.
PART A
Quoting the "Time"
- June 16, 1989
Quoting the "Time"
- August 14, 1989
How We Lost Poland - written in 1996 by Radek Sikorski
Miroslaw M. Krupinski / 26.04.1999